Question #1: Fan Out for an Ecl Inverter: ï₢æ = 20

Postulation for information

A journalist raises her hand to ask a question at a press league.

A interrogative is an utterance which typically functions as a request for data, which is expected to be provided in the form of an answer. Questions fundament thus be interpreted as a kind of illocutionary act in the field of pragmatics or as special kinds of propositions in frameworks of formal semantics such as alternative semantics operating theater inquisitive semantics. Questions are a great deal conflated with interrogatives, which are the grammatical forms typically used to achieve them. Rhetorical questions, e.g., are interrogative in form but May not be considered true questions Eastern Samoa they are not prospective to be answered.

Definitions [edit]

Lingually, a interrogation may be defined on three levels.

At the level of semantics, a question is defined away its power to establish a adjust of logically possible answers.^[1]

At the story of pragmatics, a head is an illocutionary category of speech act which seeks to hold information from the addressee.^[1]

At the layer of syntax, the interrogative is a typewrite of article which is characteristically associated with questions, and defined by certain grammatical rules (such as subject–aide inversion in English) which vary by linguistic communication.

Some authors conflate these definitions. While first questions (such as "What is your name?") volition satisfy all three definitions, their overlap is not complete. For instance "I would like to lie with your name." satisfies the hardheaded definition, but not the linguistics or syntactic ones. Such mismatches of form and function are called indirect speech acts.

Uses [edit out]

The principal use of questions is to elicit information from the soul existence addressed by indicating the information which the speaker (or writer) desires.^[2]

A slight variant is the display question, where the addressee is asked to produce information which is already illustrious to the speaker.^[3] For example, a instructor or game exhibit emcee might ask "What is the capital of Australia?" to test the knowledge of a bookman or contestant.

A direction doubtfulness is unmatchable that seeks an instruction rather than factual information. It differs from a typical ("information") inquiry in that the device characteristic reaction is a directive instead than a asserting statement.^[1] For example:

A: When should I hospitable your endue?

B: Open it now.

Questions Crataegus oxycantha also be misused as the basis for a number of collateral speech acts. For example, the imperative condemn "Toss the salt." can be reformulated (somewhat more courteously) as:

Would you go the salt?

Which has the form of an interrogative, but the illocutionary force of a directive.

The term rhetorical question may live colloquially applied to a number of uses of questions where the verbalizer does non seek surgery expect an answer (perhaps because the serve is implicit or obvious), such as:

Has he helpless his mind?

Why have I brought you all Here? Let me excuse...

They'rhenium closed? But the website said it was open until 10 o'clock.

Loaded questions (a special case of compound questions), such as "Ingest you stopped whipping your wife?" may live ill-used as a joke or to abash an audience, because any answer a person could hand out would imply more information than he was willing to affirm.

Semantic classification [edit]

The chief semantic compartmentalisation of questions is according to the set of logically accomplishable answers that they hold. An open question, such as "What is your name?", allows indefinitely more possible answers. A closed doubt admits a finite number of possible answers. Closed questions may be foster divided into yes–no questions (so much A "Are you hungry?") and alternative questions (such as "Do you want jam surgery marmalade?").

The eminence between these classes tends to be grammaticalized. In English language, open and closed interrogatives are trenchant clause types characteristically associated with open and unopen questions, severally.

Yes–no questions [edit]

A yes–no question (also called a opposite question,^[1] or undiversified oppugn ^[4]) asks whether whatever statement is correct. They can in principle glucinium answered by a "yes" or "no" (OR similar words or expressions in former languages). Examples include "Do you admit sugar?", "Should they be believed?" and "Am I the loneliest person in the world?"

Alternative questions [edit]

An secondary question ^[5] presents two or more discrete choices as possible answers in an assumption that only one of them is sincere. For illustration:

Are you supporting England, Ireland or Wales?

The canonical hoped-for response to so much a question would be either "England", "Ireland", or "Cambri". Such an alternative question presupposes that the addressee supports one of these three teams. The addressee Crataegus laevigata cancel this presupposition with an answer like "None of them".

In English, alternative questions are not syntactically distinguished from yes–no questions. Depending on context, the like question Crataegus laevigata consume either interpretation:

• Execute these muffins have butter or margarine? [I'm happening a low thickset dieting.]
• Act these muffins have butter or margarin? [I saw that the formula said you could use either.]

In speech, these are differentiable by chanting.

Open questions [edit]

An open query (also called a variable doubtfulness,^[1] non-polar question, or special question ^[4]) admits indefinitely many likely answers. For example:

Where should we go for lunch?

In English, these are typically embodied in a closed interrogative clause, which uses an interrogative word so much as when, WHO, or what. These are also called wh-words, and for this grounds open questions May also glucinium called wh-questions.

Question formation [edit]

Questions may represent marked by some combining of word order, morphology, interrogative quarrel, and intonation. Where languages have one or more clause type characteristically used to form questions, they are called interrogative clauses. Open and closed questions are generally distinguished grammatically, with the former identified by the use of interrogative words.

In English, Germanic, French and varied another (mostly European) languages, some forms of interrogative are subject to an inversion of word arrange between verb and subject. In English, the anastrophe is limited to auxiliary verbs, which sometimes necessitates the addition of the auxiliary do, as in:

a. SAM reads the newspaper. - Statement

b. Does Sam learn the newspaper publisher? - Yes–No question formed using inversion and do-keep

Open questions [edit]

Open questions are formed by the use of interrogative run-in such as, in English, when, what, Oregon which. These stand in as variables representing the unknown information being sought. They May also combine with other language to form interrogatory phrases, such as which shoes in:

Which shoes should I wear to the party?

In many another languages, including English and most other European languages, the interrogative phrase must (with sealed exceptions such as echo questions) appear at the beginning of the sentence, a phenomenon known arsenic wh-fronting. In other languages, the interrogative appears in the same position as IT would in a corresponding modality sentence (in situ).^[6]

A question may include triplex variables as in:

Whose gifts are in which boxes?

Polar questions [blue-pencil]

Different languages may economic consumption different mechanisms to distinguish polar ("yes-atomic number 102") questions from declarative statements (additionally to the question mark). European nation is one of a smaller number of languages which economic consumption password order. Another object lesson is French:

	French	Version
Declarative	Vous avez tué un oiseau.	You have killed a bird.
Diametrical question	Avez-vous tué un oiseau?	Have you killed a bird?

Crossing-linguistically, the most common method of marker a polar question is with an interrogative particle,^[7] such as the Japanese か ka, Mandarin Chinese 吗 ma and Polish czy.

Other languages use verbal morphology, such American Samoa the -n verbal postfix in the Tunica language.

Of the languages examined in the World Atlas of Language Structures, only if unrivaled, Atatláhuca–San Miguel Mixtec, was found to have no more distinction between declaratives and polar questions.^[7]

Intonation [edit]

Most languages have an intonational pattern which is characteristic of questions (often involving a raised pitch at the end, as in English).

In some languages, such as Italian, intonation is the sole distinction.^{[ citation needed ]}

In some languages, such as West Germanic, or Russian, a insurrection declarative is a sentence which is syntactically declarative simply is apprehended as a question by the use of a insurrection intonation. For example, "You're not using this?"

On the other hand, there are English dialects (Southern Californian English, New Sjaelland English) in which rebellion declaratives (the "uptalk") do non constitute questions.^[8] However it is established that that in English there is a distinction betwixt assertive rising declaratives and questioning ascending declaratives, distinguished aside their prosody.

Bespeak for confirmation and loudspeaker presupposition [edit]

Questions may be phrased as a request for confirmation for a statement the interrogator already believes to exist true.

A tag question is a pivotal doubt bottle-shaped by the addition of an interrogative fragment (the "chase away") to a (typically declarative) clause. For instance:

You're Privy, aren't you?

Lashkar-e-Toiba's have a drink, shall we?

You remembered the eggs, right?

This manikin may incorporate speaker's presupposition when it constitutes a complex head. Consider a financial statement

(A) Mortal killed the cat

and several questions bound up it.

(B) Saint John killed the disgorge, did he? (give chase question)

(C) Was it John who killed the quat?

Every bit compared with:

(D) World Health Organization killed the cat?

Unlike (B), questions (C) and (D) incorporate a presupposition that individual killed the cat.

Question (C) indicates loudspeaker's commitment to the truth of the statement that mortal killed the cat, but no commitment as to whether John did it or didn't.^[9]

Punctuation [edit]

In languages written in Latin, Cyrillic or certain other scripts, a question mark at the end of a sentence identifies questions in writing. As with modulation, this feature is non restricted to sentences having the grammatical variety of questions – it may also indicate a time's pragmatic function.

In Spanish an additional inverted mark is placed at the beginning: ¿Cómo está usted? "How are you?". An uncommon variant of the enquiry mark is the interrobang (‽), which combines the function of the interrogative mark and the exclaiming mark.

Responses and answers [delete]

The Cambridge Grammar of the English Voice communication distinguishes between an result (existence a member of the set of logically possible answers, arsenic delineated in § Semantic classification) and a response (any assertion ready-made away the addressee back to the question).^[1] For instance, the following are entirely possible responses to the enquiry "Is Alice intelligent to leave?"

i.  (a) Yes.     (b) She's ready.     (c) No, she's not. ii. (a) I don't know.     (b) Wherefore do you postulate?     (c) She mightiness be. iii.(a) She's still looking for her wallet.     (b) She wasn't expecting you ahead 5 o'clock.     (c) I'll let you know when she's in order.        

Only the [i] responses are answers in the Cambridge sense. The responses in [ii] avoid committing to a yes or no answer. The responses in [iii] all entail an resolution of no, but are not logically equivalent to no. (For example, in [iiib], the responder can cancel the implicature by adding a statement like: "Fortunately, she packed everything up early.")

On similar lines, Belnap and Nerve (1976) define the concept of a candid answer:

A straightforward answer to a bestowed question is a piece of language that completely, but sporty completely, answers the question...What is crucial is that IT be effectively decidable whether a slice of speech communication is a direct answer to a specific question... To to each one clear dubiousness there corresponds a fructify of statements which are directly responsive. ... A direct answer must provide an unarguably final resolution of the question.^[10]

Answering negative questions [edit]

"Negative questions" are interrogative sentences which hold in negation in their wording, so much equally "Shouldn't you embody working?" These can let contrary ways of expressing assertion and denial from the standard form of question, and they can be confusing, since it is sometimes puzzling whether the suffice should be the opposite of the answer to the not-negated question. For example, if one does not take a passport, both "Practice you have a passport?" and "Don't you have a passport?" are properly answered with "No", despite plain interrogative opposite questions. The Asian nation and Korean languages avoid this equivocalness. Answering "No" to the second of these in Asian country or Korean would mean, "I do stimulate a pass".

A similar equivocal question in English is "Do you mind if...?" The responder whitethorn reply without ambiguity "Yes, I do mind," if they do mind, operating room "No, I don't mind," if they don't, only a simple "No" operating theater "Yes" reply can lead to confusion, as a single "Zero" can seem like a "Yes, I do take care" (as in "No, please don't do that"), and a "Yes" can appear same a "No, I don't mind" (atomic number 3 in "Yes, go ahead"). An easy way to get around this confusion would be to ask a non-perverse question, such as "Is it all right with you if...?"

Some languages have different particles (for exemplar the French "si", the German "doch" or the Danish and Norwegian "jo") to answer dissident questions (Beaver State dissentient statements) in an affirmative way; they provide a means to press out contradiction.

Indirect questions [edit]

As well as upfront questions (such As Where are my keys?), there also exist indirect questions (also called interrogative easygoing clauses), such as where my keys are. These are used as under clauses in sentences such as "I wonder where my keys are" and "Ask him where my keys are." Indirect questions do not of necessity follow the same rules of grammar as direct questions.^[11] For example, in English and other languages, indirect questions are saddle-shaped without inversion of subject and verb (compare the word order in "where are they?" and "(I wonder) where they are"). Indirect questions Crataegus oxycantha also be subject to the changes of strained and other changes that go for generally to indirect speech.

Erudition [delete]

Questions are exploited from the most elementary stage of learning to creative explore. In the scientific method acting, a enquiry often forms the basis of the investigation and can be considered a transition between the observation and hypothesis stages. Students of all ages use questions in their encyclopaedism of topics, and the acquisition of having learners creating "investigatable" questions is a central part of inquiry education. The Socratic method of questioning student responses may be used by a teacher to lead the scholarly person towards the truth without direct instruction, and also helps students to form ordered conclusions.

A widespread and accepted use of questions in an educational context is the assessment of students' knowledge finished exams.

Origins [delete]

Enculturated apes Kanzi, Washoe, Sarah and few others who underwent extensive language training programs (with the usance of gestures and strange seeable forms of communications) successfully learned to answer rather complex questions and requests (including motion row "who", "what", "where"), although so far they have failed to learn how to ask questions themselves. For illustration, David and Anne Premack wrote: "Though she [Sarah] understood the question, she did not herself ask whatever questions — dissimilar the child who asks interminable questions, such as What that? World Health Organization making racket? When Daddy get through? Me go Granny's menage? Where puppy? Sarah never delayed the departure of her trainer afterward her lessons by interrogative where the flight simulator was going, when she was returning, Beaver State anything other".^[12] The ability to ask questions is oftentimes assessed in relation to comprehension of syntactic structures. It is widely accepted that the first questions are asked by humans during their early babyhood, at the pre-syntactic, one word stage of language development, with the use of inquiry intonation.^[13]

See also [edit]

• Oddment
• Erotetics, the logic of questions and answers
• Inquiry
• Interrogation
• Asking word
• Inquisitive semantics
• Leading question
• Question under discussion
• Doom subroutine
• Squiggle wheeler dealer
• Who Asked the First Question?, a book

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
2. ^ Searle, J (1969). Speech Acts of the Apostles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. ^ Searle, J (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
4. ^ ^{a b} William Chisholm, Louis T. Milic, John A.C. Greppin. Interrogativity. – John Benjamins Publication, 1982.
5. ^ Loos, Eugene E.; Anderson, Susan; Day, Dwight H., Junior.; Jordan River, Paul C.; Wingate, J. Douglas (eds.). "What is an alternative question?". Glossary of linguistic price. SIL International.
6. ^ "Chapter 93: Position of Question Phrases in Content Questions". Humankind Atlas of Language Structures . Retrieved 15 April 2022.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Chapter 116: Polar Questions". World Atlas of Language Structures . Retrieved 15 April 2022.
8. ^ Paul Warren (2017) "The interpretation of prosodic variability in the context of use of accompanying sociophonetic cues", Laboratory Phonology: Daybook of the Association for Science lab Phonology, 8(1), 11. Interior:10.5334/labphon.92 (Paper conferred at the Third base Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Prosody shop)
   • More on uptalk of this author: Paul Warren, Uptalk: the phenomenon of rising intonation, Cambridge University Press. 2022, ISBN 978-1107123854 (hardcover), (kindle edition)
9. ^ Stanley Peters, "Speaker commitments: Presupposition", Proceedings of the Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference (SALT) 26: 1083–1098, 2022, ((download PDF))
10. ^ Nuel Belnap & T.B. Steel Jr. (1976) The Logic of Questions and Answers, pages 3, 12 & 13, Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-01962-9
11. ^ "Periphrastic Questions - European country Grammar Lesson - ELC". ELC - West Germanic language Language Center. 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2018-01-24 .
12. ^ Premack, Jacques Louis David; Premack, Ann J. (1983). The bear in mind of an ape. New York, Greater London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 29.
13. ^ Crystal, David (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge. Pg. 241, 143: Cambridge University. CS1 maint: location (link)

Encourage reading [edit]

Consult question in Wiktionary, the free lexicon.

Wikiquote has quotations accompanying: Question

• Berti, Enrico. Soggetti di responsabilita: questioni di filosofia pratica, Reggio Emilia, 1993.
• Fieser, James; Lillegard, Geographic area (explosive detection system.). Philosophical questions: readings and interactive guides, 2005.
• Hamblin, C.L. "Questions", in: Paul Edwards (ed.), Cyclopedia of Philosophical system.
• Muratta Etna, Eduardo. "Lo erotico en Louisiana pregunta", in: Aletheia 5 (1999), 65–74.
• Stahl, St. George. "Un développement Delaware la logique diethylstilbesterol questions", in: Revue Philosophique de La France et de l'Etranger 88 (1963), 293–301.
• Smith, Joseph Wayne. Essays on ultimate questions: critical discussions of the limits of modern ideological interrogation, Aldershot: Avebury, 1988.

Question #1: Fan Out for an Ecl Inverter: ï₢æ = 20

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question